Occupational diseases/ Work- related disease
Any illness/ disease associated with a particular occupation or industry is known as occupational disease.
Occupational Hazard
1. Physical Hazard
Noise
Vibration
Radiation
Heat
2. Chemical Hazard
Dust
Metals
Solvents
Gases
Fumes
Chemical
Burn
3. Biological Hazard
Human tissue and body fluids
Hepatitis B,C, HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis
Brucellosis
Asthma
Bacillus anthracic
Zoonatic
4. Mechanical Hazard/ Ergonomic
Accident/ Injury
Lifing and handling
Poor Posture
Poor equipment and work place design
Faulty equipment
5. Psychosocial
Mobbing
Violence and verbal abuse
Stress
Sexual harrasment
Exposure to unhealthy elements - Tobacco, uncontrolled alcohol
Bullying
Work related stress
6. Health Hazard in Agriculture
Farmer's Lung
Asthma
Anthrax
Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome.
Silo Filler's Disease
Animal bite
Tetanus
Cancer due to exposure of Pesticides
Biological Agents
Bacteria,Virus, Fungi, Insects, Parasite
Zoonatic disease
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virus
Tuberculosis
Brucellosis
Bacillus anthracic
Blood- borne disease - HIV/ AIDS
Clostridium tetanai - tetanus
Occupational dermatosis
Leptospirosis
Chemical Hazard
Acid
Base
Fumes
Noxious gases/ vapour
Coal dust - Anthracosis
Silica- Silicosis
Iron- siderosis
Asbestos - asbestosis
Cane fiber - Bagassosis
Cotton dust - Byssinosis
Hay and grain dust - Farmer's lung
Beryllium - Berylliosis
Metals poisoning; Reactive metals
Lead poisoning
Murcury poisoning
Arsenic poisoning
Chromium poisoning
Gas poisoning,
Ammonia poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Oxides of nitrogen
Physical Agent
Radiation; X- rays, microwave, infrared, ultra-violet lights
Noise; occupational deafness
Vibration; High frequency range
Heat; Heat stroke, heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion
Light; Occupational cataract
Cold; Hypothermia, forstbite, trench foot, chilblains
Major categories of occupational illness by organ system
1. Musculoskeletal disorder
Tenosynovitis
Back pain
2. Respiratory disorder
Caplan syndrome
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Farmer's lung
Pneumoconiosis
3. Neurologic and psychiatric disorder
Peripheral neuropathy
Nerve deafness
Mental I'll health
Eczema, dermatitis, cancer, hyperpigmentation, ulcers, photosensitization
4. Skin disorder
5. Reproductive and development disorder
Male infertility
6. Cardiovascular disorder
Hypertension
Ischemic heart disease
7. Hematologic disorder
Anaemia
Leukaemia
8. Hepatic disorder
Hepatitis
Angiosarcoma
9. Renal and urinary disorder
Kidney damage
Bladder cancer
10. Endocrine
Hormone disturbance
11. Occupational dermatosis
Eczema
Dermatitis
12. Occupational cancer
Agent
Cadmium,
Battery making, welding
Lung cancer
Arsenic,
Mining
Skin, lung, liver
Asbestos
Construction
Cement production
Lung mesothelioma
Benzene,
Chemical and rubber manufacturer
Leukaemia
Radon,
Uranium mining
Lung
Beryllium,
Beryllium processing, aircraft manufacturing, electronics
Lung
Bladder cancer- rubber and dye worker
Bone cancer- radium exposure
Brain cancer- ionizing radiation
Colorectal cancer - exposure to asbestos
Esophageal cancer- dust, combustion product, sulfuric acid, silica dust
Liver cancer- ionizing radiation; painter, nuclear worker
Kidney cancer- iron, steel production, textile production, electric power, farming, painting
Laryngeal cancer- smoking, Tabacco and drinking alcohol
Leukemia - ionizing, benzene, cytotoxic drug
Lung cancer - aluminium production; radon, iron/steel, painter, passive smoking, refining
Nasal sinuses cancer- cigarette, smoking, wood, leathers, dust, mustard gas manufacturing
Pancreatic cancer- dry cleaner, exposed to cadmium, ionizing, radiation.
Skin cancer- exposure to ultraviolet light, arsenic, Pesticides manufacturing
Stomach cancer- form atomic bomb, minerals/metal dust
Thyroid cancer- ionizing radiation (head and neck)
Nasopharynx cancer- mustard gas and formaldehyde
Management
1. Recognise occupational diseases
Occupational history
Description of job field/ nature of job
Work exposure
Timing symptoms
Type of Hazard
Past occupation
Epidemiology of symptoms and illnes among other workers
Screening for Occupational Diseases
History - Questionnaire
Physical examination
Test -
Chest X ray
Pulmonary function test
Spirometery
Audiometry
Treatment
Bronchodilator
Oxygen therapy
Respiratory physiotherapy
Postrual drainage
Nebulization
Prevention occupational disease
Primary prevention
Avoid occurance of disease or injury.
Control new hazards.
Control of known hazards.
Environmental monitoring
Biological monitoring
Identification of vulnerable workers
Personal protective equipment
Replace/ repair equipments
Industrial hygiene
Worksite analysis
Admistrative and engineering control and safety devices
Working guidance and education
Secondary prevention
Identify and adequately treat a disease or injury process before symptoms have developed.
Screening
Periodic medical examination
Tertiary prevention
Treat disorder, to avoid complication, limit disability , to address rehabilitative and palliative needs.
Limit symptoms
Minimize injury to body and maximize functional capacity.
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