Factors affecting Nutrition
Age
BMR (Basal metabolic rate)
Gender or sex
Body size and weight
Physical activity
Climate
Pregnant and lactating mother
SDH (Specific dynamic action)
Food production and system of distribution
Food habits and customs
Religion
Socio economic factors
Traditional factor and traditional believes and customs
Life style
1. Age
a. Infants required about 750kg calories per day during first 3 months of life rising to 1000 killo calories per day at 10-12 months.
b. Children and young adults
Children and young adult grow very fast and thus the following calories requirements have been proposed-
Age Kilocalories per day
1-3 years 1500
4-6 years 1800
7-9 years 2200
10-12 years 2700
13-15 years 3100
16-20 years 3500
c. Old age
With the advancing age, the BMR (Basal metabolic rate) and the amount of physical activities decreases therefor calories requirement decrease.
BMR
Basal metabolic rate; the total calories requirements at rest. (under complete physical and mental rest).
At rate at which food is digested and hasn't consumed any food from 12-14hrs. Higher BMR; more calories requirements.
2. Gender and sex
Recommended daily requirement of calories of women are 20% lower than those of a men of the same age.
3. Body size and weight
Both BMR and calories requirement of mechanical work are directly proportional to the body weight.
4. Physical activity
Daily calories requirement increase with the type of physical activity.
Work level Additional calories requirement
a. Light work such as
Most domestic work. 10%
b. Moderate work such as
Gardening, tennis, cycling, carpentary etc 20%
c. Heavy work such as
Coal mining, loading, foot ball, athletic etc 30%
d. Very heavy work such as
Blacksmith work, swimming, rock climbing etc. 40%
5. Climate
People eat less less where temperature exceeds 25 degree Celsius. Energy intake should be decreased by 5-10%'
In cold climate the calories requirement should be increases by 3% for every 10 degree Celsius.
External environment below the reference temperature since protection against cold is achieved by clothing and by heat.
6. Pregnant and lactating mother
An addition of 10% and 20% allowance during pregnancy and lactation respectively have been recommended.
7. SDA (Specific dynamic action)
The SDA of the food is the energy expenditure that occurs during association into the body.
8. Food production and system of distribution
Food production deficiency
Uneven distribution
Poor technology
Scarcity of food
9. Food habits and customs
Every culture have own custom and believe regarding nutritional practices.
a. Papaya rich in vitamin A, avoided during pregnancy because it believe to cause abortion.
b. Practice to avoid giving breast milk.
c. Practice of man to eat first and women eat last.
d. Delayed feeding to a child upto age of2 years.
e. Premature stoppage of breast feeding with the adoption of bottle feeding.
f. Cool I Nguyen practices throwing away of rice water at the end of promo boiling.
g. Peeling of vegetable and fruits.
h. Personal like and dislikes of selection of food.
i. If pregnant women eat more, her child will be big, delivery become difficult.
J. Right is stable food in the eastern and southern state of India where as wheat is stable food in northern States.
9. Religion
a. Hindu doesn't eat beef and muslim pork
b. Some orthodox Hindus doesn't eat meat, fish, eggs and certain vegetable; like onion and garlic.
c. Jain doesn't eat onion, garlic and do not eat after sunset.
These food habits are called food taboos which prevent people from consuming nutritious food.
10. Socio-economic factors
Socio-economic factors such as poverty, ignorance, insufficient education, poor sanitary environment, large family size, lack of knowledge regarding the nutritive values of food affect the nutritional status.
The level of undernutritional in India is among the highest in the world. It is more marked in pregnant women.
11. Traditional factor and traditional believes and customs
Food such as meat, fish, egg are considered to generate heat in the body and known as hot food where as foods such as curd, milk, bananas are considered cold food. These foods are forbidden as being harmful to the child.
Adding water of the pure milk before boiling as if pure milk is boiled, the milk secretions of anything mal may dry.
12. Life modification
Poor diet or unhealthy lifestyle leads to nutritional problem.
Eating balances diet, taking regular exercise, and maintaining weight reduce risk of certain disease.
Maintain healthy life style.
Factors affecting food and nutrition
Age
Sex
Physiogical condition
Religion beliefs
Life style
Climate and environment
Hot and cold food
Physical activity
Customs and beliefs
Food production and distribution
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Surface of body
Specific dynamic action (SDA)
Chocking practices
Socio-economic factor
Geographic location
Food fads; personal likes and dislikes
Food taboos
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