human genome project

 Human Genome Project

Human genome project was international research effort to determine the DNA sequence of the entire of human genome.

Human Genome Project

The genome is defined as the total genetic material contained within chromosomes of an organism and carried by the DNA.

HGP began formally in 1990 and coordinated by US department of energy and national institute of health (NIH).

Main aim to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome.

The major objective set out early in history of the HGP project;

1. To obtain complete sequence of DNA, extracted from cell determine sequence of DNA in each chromosome.

2. To construct genetic map, for facilitating genetic linkage studies.

3. To discover all human genes to allow further study of human genetic diseases. 

4. Store genetic information in database.

5. Address the ethical, legal and social issue.

6. Determine the entire DNA sequence.

Aim and Objective of HGP

To sequence the whole genome with 3 billion base pair and identify. 

To identify the disease causing gene.

Creating physical map of human genome

Establish complete genome sequence and to make it freely accessible.

To understand function of genes.

To improve the sequencing technology by developing new and more effective method.

To develop tool processing and analyzing data.

To make informations available for all resources.

Analyze sequence variation in human genome (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other DNA sequence variation.

Major work done and HGP

1. Isolation of disease gene

Identify association of genes with human disease.

2. Comparative biology of humans and other organisms

Understanding gene structure and function

3. Advances in molecular diagnostic

Hereditary, neoplastic and infectious disease can detected by use of molecular genetics.

Identification of disease gene

Disease causing mutation

Refined technologies in clinical practices.

4. Therapeutic benefits

Help in development of pharmacogenomics.

Study of how gene affect a person's response to drug.

Improvement in gene therapy.

Identifying various psychiatric disorder.

Help in diagnosis of various genetic disorder

Understand of polygenic disorder. For example;

Genetic disorder caused by combine action of more than one gene.

Cancers,  Hypertension, Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease.

Outcome of HGP

The completion of HGP in 2003, lead to may outcome;

1. Identification of human gene and their functions

2. Improvement in gene therapy

3. Better understanding of developmental biology

Application of HGP

1. Identification of human gene and their function.

2. Understanding of polygenic disorder; Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Diabetes mellitus

3. Improved diagnosis of disease

4. Genetics basis of psychiatric disorder

5. Understanding of complex social traits

6. Improved knowledge of mutants

7. Development of biotechnology