Fat soluble vitamins are; A,D,E,K
Vitamin A
Carotenoids found in plants; pro-vitamine A.
Carotenoids forms are;
1. Vitamin A (Retinol)
2. Vitamin A2 (found in liver of fish fresh)
3. Vitamin A aldehyde (retinal)
4. Vitamin A acid (Retionic acid)
Absorption
Through lymphatic system in blood stream and store large amount in liver.
For children daily
Dose of up 630 RAE µg (2100 IU) per day.
Function;
1. Vision
2. Maintenance health of epithelial tissue.
3. Essential for bone formation
4. Essential for synthesis of muccopolysacchride
5. Involve in nucleic acid metabolism
6. Involved in electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Causes
1. Breast milk vitamin A deficiency
2. Malabsorption
3. Malnutrition
4. Zinc deficiency
Impair absorption, transport, metabolism of vitamin A.
Zinc is essential for synthesis of vitamin transport proteins.
5. Iron deficiency
Affect vitamin A uptake
Clinical Manifestation
1. Night blindness
2. Xerophthalmia
Dryness of conjunctiva
3. Xerosis conjunctiva
Dryness of conjunctiva (loss of goblet cell and impair mucin production in conjunctiva)
4. Xerosis cornea
Dryness spread to cornea
5. Bitot's spot
Greyish or white plaque formed
6. Keratomalacia
Keratin build up; clouding of cornea.
7. Follicular hyperkeratosis (phrynoderma)
8. Growth retardation
9. Impaired immunity lead infection
Pathophysiology
Retinoic acid
Activate transcription process
Cell replication
Vita A deficiency limited amount of Retinol
Cell proliferation and replication suppressed
Reduce number of T cells and lymphocytes
Result lack of Immunization if pathogen enters
Susceptibility of Infection
1. Eye
Blurred vision
Bulging eyes
Cataract
Conjunctivitis
Cross eyes
Dim vision (amblyopia; lazy eye)
Glaucoma
Itching, burning and watery eyes.
2. Skin
Acne
Bedsore
Blister
Dry skin
Eczema
Pale skin and Scaly dermatitis
Itchy and rash
Hot flushes
Gangrene
3. Hair and nails
Brittle hair
Dandruff
Dry hair
Hair loss
Management
1. Supplement
2. Dietary consumption
Prevention
1. Vitamin A supplement
Vitamin A
Vitamin A palmitate
Aquasol A Capsule
2. Maternal high supplement
3. Reduce factors of PEM, Diarrhea, measles
4. Administration of vitamin A immunization schedule
5. Fortification of food, done in;
Wheat, sugar, milk
Hypervitaminosis A
Sign and symptoms
1. Nausea/ Anorexia/ vomiting/ drowsiness
2. Irritability
3. Blurred vision
4. Muscle and abdominal pain
5. Bone fracture
6. Anaemia
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