Pathophysiology of Infection
1. Causative Agent
2. Portal of entry
3. Susceptible host
4. Agent spread to target organ or tissue
5. Onset of non-specific symptoms like malaise, anorexia, headache.
Mode of Transmission of Infection
Pathogenic organism can spread from one host to another by variety of mechanism.
This includes-
Inhalation; respiratory infection
Ingestion
Contact direct and indirect of infected person or animal such as;
Droplets, contaminated hand, towels, utensils, water or object.
Inoculation; needle sharing
Insect vector
Congenital; by birth
Laboratory infection
Unsterilized equipment, infected blood
1. Contact
a. Direct contact
Sexually transmitted diseases;
HIV, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis
b. Indirect contact
Diphtheria
Measles
Pneumonia
2. Respiratory droplets
Diphtheria
Common cold
Influenza
TB, measles, mumps
Whopping cough
Respiratory infection due to sneezing, speaking, laughing.
3. Ingestion
Intestinal infection, water borne (cholera), food borne (food poisioning), hand borne (dysentery).
4. Inoculation
Such as;
Hepatitis B, HIV
Rabies virus, tetanus spores enters into deep wound, unsterile syringe.
Transfusion of infected blood, use contaminated syringe and needle.
Suitable situation for growth.
5. Insects
Inoculation into skin by biting.
Deposited infected material in skin or food.
For example; mosquitoes, flies, fleas, ticks, mites and lice.
Diseases occur such as:
Diarrhea, dysentery, Typhoid fever, malaria, filaria, yellow fever, leishmania (through sand fly).
6. Congenital
Infect fetus in uterus, it cause abortion, miscarriage.
For example; incase of congenital Syphilis
7. Laboratory infection
Transmitted during administration of infection, lumber puncture, cathertrization,bif sepsis is lacking, exchange transfusion, dialysis and organ transplant surgery.
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