Trypanosoma gambiense
(African sleeping sickness)
Trypanosomiasis is caused by trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.
In human T. brucei parasite cause sleeping sickness because symptoms can include disturbed sleep pattern.
Sources and mode of transmission
Parasite is transmitted by bite of tsetse fly
It resulting in swelling of brain (encephalitis).
Pathogenesis and clinical significance
1. In early stage
Chills, fever, vomiting, enlarge lymph node
2. In chronic stage
Parasite enters blood and then attack on CNS causes sleepiness and finally death.
Life Cycle
Trypanosoma life cycle growth phase occurs in human intestine.
Then enters salivary gland of mosquito and then proliferation phase occurs again in human blood.
When present in blood, this parasite totally depends on glycolytic cycle (breakdown of glucose) for survival.
Thess parasite injected in human by bite of tsetse fly, when produce primary lesion.
Organism then enters in lymphoid tissue.
Parasite invades CNS, causing inflammation of brain and spinal cord, due to toxin released by parasite.
Produce characteristic lethargy, continous sleep and death.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasite injected into human by bites of tsetse fly.
In human, this parasite produce primary lesion.
Parasite then enters in lymphoid tissue later on, parasite enter in CNS causing inflammation of parasite release toxin, which produce continous sleep and death.
When tsetse fly bite a live infected person, it sucks parasite.
Parasite enters in salivary gland of tsetse fly.
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen collection
Blood, CSF, aspiration of lymph node
Giemsa stain and microscopic examination
Stained smear show parasite in body fluid.
Serological test
For confirmation
Treatment
In early stage, suramin or pentamidine used for treatment.
But melarsoprol used in late stage disease when CNS is involved.
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